Edward Hugh Hebern (April 23, 1869 – February 10 1952) was an early inventor of rotor machines, devices for encryption.
Background
Hebern was born in Streator, Illinois on April 23, 1869. He was brought up in the Soldiers’ Orphan Home in Bloomington. At the age of 14, he lived and worked on a farm near Odin. Later, he became a carpenter.
Patent
He got a patent in 1919, shortly before three others patented (in other countries) much the same thing. They were Arthur Scherbius in Germany, Hugo Koch in the Netherlands, and A Damm in Sweden. Hebern started a company to market the Hebern rotor machine; one of his employees was Agnes Meyer, who left the Navy in Washington DC to work for Hebern in California. Scherbius designed the Enigma, Koch sold his patent to Scherbius a few years later, and Damm’s company — taken over by Boris Hagelin after his death — moved to Switzerland and is still in existence, as Crypto AG.
Hebern’s implementation of his idea was less secure than he believed, for William F. Friedman found at least one method of attack when it was offered to the US Government. Hebern’s company did not prosper, his promotional efforts for it were questioned, and he was tried and convicted for fraud. Agnes Meyer returned to Washington to work for the Navy.
Friedman went on to design a much more secure and complex rotor machine for the US Army. It eventually became the SIGABA.
Patents
External links
The PCT Gazette is a weekly bilingual publication of the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO). It is published by the International Bureau of WIPO pursuant to Article 55 of the Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT), which provides a system for filing international (patent) applications. The Gazette contains among other things bibliographic data of international applications when published and notices concerning changes to fees, legal provisions and Office procedures relating to the PCT.
The PCT Gazette is available both in paper and electronic form. As from April 1 2006, the Gazette will no longer be made available in paper form. PCT Newsletter March 2006 (No. 03/2006) (pdf).
See also
- PCT Newsletter
- Official Journal of the European Patent Office
- European Patent Bulletin
- List of intellectual property law journals
References
External links
- Weekly Issues of the PCT Gazette, by year on the WIPO web site
The Institute of Professional Representatives before the European Patent Office or European Patent Institute (epi) is a professional association of European patent attorneys and an international non-governmental public law corporation. It was founded on October 21 1977 by the Administrative Council of the European Patent Organisation. Article 134(8)(b) of the European Patent Convention (EPC), signed at Munich, Germany on October 5, 1973. All European patent attorneys, i.e. all persons entitled to act as professional representatives before the EPO (by virtue of either the European qualifying examination or the provisions of Article 163, paragraph 7 EPC), are members of the Institute. Article 5(1) of the Regulation on the establishment of an institute of professional representatives before the European Patent Office, OJ 1997, 350 with corrections according to OJ 1997, 130, OJ 2002, 429 and OJ 2004, 361.
The European Patent Institute publishes a quarterly journal, the epi Information (). The current president of the European Patent Institute is Chris P. Mercer. European Patent Institute web site, Board Members, retrieved on July 12, 2006.
See also
- Intellectual property organization
References
External links
- Official web page
- epi Information
- Current issue
- Archive issues, since 1999
The term assertion has several meanings:
- Assertion — a computing programming technique
- Logical assertion — logical assertion of a statement
- Patent assertion — the enforcement of patent rights, usually by litigation against an infringing party
- Assertions are also a kind of speech act.
See also
- Assertiveness
- Ipse dixit, an “Unsupported Assertion”
The Abortion Law Reform Association is a former advocacy organisation which promoted access to abortion in the United Kingdom. It campaigned effectively after World War II for the elimination of legal obstacles to abortion and the peak of its work was the 1967 Abortion Act.
In Autumn, 2003, ALRA combined with the more radical pro - choice group, National Abortion Campaign (founded in the 1970s to defend the Abortion Act against pro-life efforts), to form Abortion Rights.
Abortion Law Reform Association may also refer to similar groups in other countries, such as the Abortion Law Reform Association of New Zealand (ALRANZ) founded in 1970.
External links
- Australia: Abortion Law Reform Association
See also: Children By Choice Association, Queensland
- http://www.childrenbychoice.org.au
- New Zealand: ALRANZ
- United Kingdom: Abortion Rights - official website
Kingdom of Italy can mean:
- Kingdom of Italy (476–493), a state established by Odoacer, the first Germanic King of Italy, between 476 and 493
- Kingdom of Italy (Ostrogothic), a kingdom established by the Ostrogoths between 489 and 553
- Kingdom of Italy (Lombard), a kingdom established by the Lombards between 568 and 774
- Kingdom of Italy (medieval), the Frankish successor state of the Lombard kingdom formed in 839 then a constituent kingdom of the Holy Roman Empire from 962 to 1806. In later centuries it was no more than a shadow of an Imperial claim to hegemony in a subdivided Italy.
- Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic), a French client state that existed between 1805 and 1814
- Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946), an independent and unified Italian state that existed between 1861 and 1946
See also
- History of Italy
- King of Italy
Goskomizobretenie (Russian: Госкомизобретений), which stood for Gosudarstvennyi komitet po delam izobretenie i otkrytii, was the State Committee for Inventions and Discoveries in the former Soviet Union.
It maintained a registry of inventions and discoveries and gave out authors certificates and patents.
It has been succeeded by Rospatent in the modern day Russian Federation.
See also
External links
- Website of Russian Federal Service for Intellectual Property, Patents and Trademarks (Rospatent)
- Soviet and USSR patent document search and delivery site
The filing date of a patent application is the date the patent application was filed in one or more patent offices.
In the United States, if a patent application is mailed to the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) by Express Mail, Post Office to Addressee, then the date the application was deposited in the post office is the filing date.
See also
This is the full table of the medal count of the 1988 Winter Olympics, which were held in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. These rankings sort by the number of gold medals earned by a country. The number of silvers is taken into consideration next and then the number of bronze. If, after the above, countries are still tied, equal ranking is given and they are listed alphabetically. This follows the system used by the IOC, IAAF and BBC.
(Host country highlighted, greatest number of medals in each category is in bold.)
| 1 |
align=left |
11 |
9 |
9 |
29
|
| 2 |
align=left |
9 |
10 |
6 |
25
|
| 3 |
align=left |
5 |
5 |
5 |
15
|
| 4 |
align=left |
4 |
1 |
2 |
7
|
| 5 |
align=left |
4 |
0 |
2 |
6
|
| 6 |
align=left |
3 |
5 |
2 |
10
|
| 7 |
align=left |
3 |
2 |
2 |
7
|
| 8 |
align=left |
2 |
4 |
2 |
8
|
| 9 |
align=left |
2 |
1 |
3 |
6
|
| 10 |
align=left |
2 |
1 |
2 |
5
|
| 11 |
align=left |
1 |
0 |
1 |
2
|
| 12 |
align=left |
0 |
3 |
2 |
5
|
| 13 |
align=left |
0 |
2 |
3 |
5
|
| 14 |
align=left |
0 |
2 |
1 |
3
|
| 15 |
align=left |
0 |
1 |
2 |
3
|
| 16 |
align=left |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1
|
| align=left |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1
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| |
|
|
|
|
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| Total |
46 |
45 |
47 |
138
|
References
- International Olympic Committee – Calgary 1988 Medal Table
The Wireless Telegraphy Acts are laws regulating radio communications in the United Kingdom.
Wireless telegraphy as a concept is defined in British law as “the sending of electro-magnetic energy over paths not provided by a material substance.”
The term telegraphy, although best known in relation to the electric telegraph, relates to the sending of messages over long-distances. Wireless telegraphy is differentiated from electrical telegraphy in that the messages are transmitted via electromagnetic means (light or radio) rather than via a physical electrical cable connection.
The guardian of the UK’s electromagnetic spectrum is the communications regulator, Ofcom.
Brief history of the UK Wireless Telegraphy Acts
- Wireless Telegraphy Act 1904 (subsequently repealed)
- Wireless Telegraphy Act 1906 (subsequently repealed)
- Wireless Telegraphy Act 1949 c. 54 (subsequently repealed)
- Marine etc. Broadcasting (Offences) Act 1967 c.41 (banned offshore pirate radio stations, subsequently repealed)
- Wireless Telegraphy Act 1967 c. 72
- Telecommunications Act 1984 (made amendments to the 1949 Act)
- Broadcasting Act 1990 (made extensive amendments to the 1949 Act)
- Broadcasting Act 1996
- Wireless Telegraphy Act 1998 c. 6 (introduced spectrum pricing)
- Office of Communications Act 2002 (created Ofcom)
- Communications Act 2003 (provided for new activities relating to spectrum pricing)
- Wireless Telegraphy Act 2006 c. 36 (in force from 2007-02-08; consolidated wireless telegraphy legislation; repealed the Wireless Telegraphy Act 1949)
An indispensable party is a party to a lawsuit whose participation is required for jurisdiction or the purpose of rendering a judgment. An indispensable party may usually be joined at the discretion of the judge. Often, an indispensable party is any party whose rights are directly affected by disposition of the case.
The indispensable party is often a prudential standing requirement. That is, while the parties currently involved in litigation have an actual case or controversy, judges will not proceed without the indispensable party. This avoids potential double litigation and possibly inequitable outcomes.
In patent law, a patent owner must be a party to a patent infringement suit by an exclusive licensee because the patent owner’s rights would be directly affected by a finding of invalidity or unenforceability of the patent claims.
In the Java programming language a resource is a piece of data that can be accessed by the code of an application.
An application can access its resources through Uniform Resource Locators, like web resources, but the
resources are usually contained within the JAR file(s) of the application.
A resource bundle is a set of key and value pairs, stored as a resource, that is commonly used to allow the localization of an application. For this purpose different resource bundles with a
common set of keys are used to store translations for the messages and user interface texts of an application.
References
The Little Nine Partners Patent was the final patent granted
(1706) in Dutchess County, New York, USA.
It was located in the northern part of the county, and
comprises all or parts of the modern towns of Milan, Pine Plains, and North East.
Roughly triangular in shape, it was bounded on the north by Columbia County,
on the south by the Great Nine Partners Patent (1697)
and on the west by the Schuyler (1686) and Rhinebeck (1697) patents.
Its eastern boundary was the area known as The Oblong, a narrow strip of land along the eastern edge of Dutchess County, bordering the state of Connecticut.
External links
- Little Nine Partners Historical Society
- Historic map
The Return of Ishtar is an arcade game that was released by Namco in 1986. It runs on Namco System 86 hardware and is the sequel to Tower of Druaga, which was released two years earlier.
Gameplay
The Return of Ishtar is an adventure game for two players. One person controls the maiden Ki who fights with magic and the other person controls Gilgamesh, the sword-wielding prince. Players are given a password to allow them to continue from where they left off.
This sequel starts off directly after Gilgamesh has saved Ki from Druaga, and is focused on their escape from the tower and its inhabitants who are after Gilgamesh and Ki to avenge their former master.
A vulnerability scanner is a computer program designed to search for and map systems for weaknesses in an application, computer or network. Step 1, typically the scanner will first look for active IP addresses, open ports, OSes and any applications running. Step 2, It may at this point create a report or move to the next step. Step 3, try to determine the patch level of the OS or applications. In this process the scanner can cause an exploit of the vulnerability such as crash the OS or application. Step 4, the final phase the scanner may attempt to exploit the vulnerability. Scanners may either be malicious or friendly. Friendly scanners usually stop at step 2 and occasionally step 3 but never go to step 4.
Types of vulnerability scanners:
- Port Scanner
- Network Scanner
- Web Application Security Scanner
- Computer Worm
Friendly types of vulnerability scanners:
- Cgi Scanner (usually restricted to banner checking; cgi scanners can find vulnerable scripts but usually don’t exploit them)
Programs
- Port scanners (Nmap)
- Network scanners (Nessus, SAINT)
- List of Web Application Security Scanners
- CGI scanners (Arirang; Nikto; Whisker)
- List of Vulnerability Scanners
External links
- What is a Web Application Security Scanner?
- Details on different types of vulnerability scans and how they help secure your web server.
- What can’t a Web Application Scanner find?
- Web Application Vulnerability Scanners - a Benchmark
Hugo Alexander Koch (1869 or 1870 – 1928) was a Dutch inventor who conceived of and patented an idea for machine encryption — the rotor machine, although he was not the first to do so. He is sometimes erroneously credited as the originator of the Enigma machine, although this has been shown to be the work of German engineer Arthur Scherbius.
Koch, from Delft, filed for his rotor machine patent on 7 October 1919, and was granted Netherlands patent 10,700 (equivalent to ), held by Naamloze Vennootschap Ingenieursbureau Securitas in Amsterdam. No machine was built from his patents, and, in 1927, he assigned the rights to Arthur Scherbius, the inventor of the Enigma machine. Scherbius had developed the idea of rotor machine encryption independently from Koch, and had filed for his own patent in 1918. Bauer (1999) writes that Scherbius bought Koch’s patents “obviously not because he did not own patents before; presumably he wanted to protect his patents”.
See also
References
- Friedrich L Bauer, “An error in the history of rotor encryption devices”, Cryptologia 23(3), July 1999, page 206.
- David Kahn, The Codebreakers, 1967.
A Patent Act is a country’s legislation that controls the use of patents. There have been numerous Patent Acts:
Canada:
Germany:
- German Patents Act (”Patentgesetz“)
United Kingdom:
- Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988
United States:
- Patent Act of 1790
- Patent Act of 1793
- Patent Act of 1836
- Patent Act of 1952
- Patent Reform Act of 2005 (currently pending legislation; not yet enacted)
- Patent and Trademark Law Amendments Act of 1980
The Copyright Board of Canada is an economic regulatory body empowered to establish, either mandatorily or at the request of an interested party, the royalties to be paid for the use of copyrighted works, when the administration of such copyright is entrusted to a collective-administration society. The Board also has the right to supervise agreements between users and licensing bodies and issues licences when the copyright owner cannot be located.
See also
External links
- Copyright Board of Canada website
As objects of intellectual property or intangible assets, patents and patent applications can be freely transferred. A transfer of patent or patent application can be the result of a financial transaction, such as an assignment, a merger, a takeover or a demerger, or the result of an operation of law, such as in an inheritance process, or in a bankruptcy.
The rationale behind the transferability of patents and patent applications is that it enables inventors to sell their rights and to let other people manage these intellectual property assets both on the valuation and enforcement fronts. As The Economist put it,
- “Patents are transferable assets, and by the early 20th century they had made it possible to separate the person who makes an invention from the one who commercialises it. This recognised the fact that someone who is good at coming up with ideas is not necessarily the best person to bring those ideas to market.” — The Economist, A market for ideas, October 20 2005.
United States
In the United States, assignment of a patent is governed by statute, . Assignment of an interest occurs only by an “instrument in writing”. The statute also permits recording an assignment with the United States Patent and Trademark Office, but recording is not required.
See also