Patent management

A dumb network is marked by using intelligent devices (i.e., PCs) at the periphery that make use of a network that does not interfere with an application’s operation. The dumb network concept is the natural outcome of the end to end principle. The Internet was originally designed to operate as a dumb network.

In some circles the dumb network is regarded as a natural culmination of technological progress in network technology. With the justification that the dumb network uniquely satisfies the requirements of the end to end principle for application creation, supporters see the dumb network as uniquely qualified for this purpose. In reality the dumb network is only one position in a continuum of network design. Its attributes are suitable for the creation of certain types of network applications but are considered deleterious for others.

A dumb network, by design, is not sensitive to the needs of applications. The dumb network model can, in some ways, allow for flexibility and ease of innovation in the development of applications that is not matched by other models.

Critics of dumb network architecture posit two arguments in favor of “intelligent” networks. The first, that certain users and transmission needs of certain applications are more important than others and thus should be granted greater network priority. An example is that of real time video applications that are more time sensitive than say, text applications. Thus video transmissions would receive network priority to prevent picture skips, while text transmissions could be delayed with few if any problems affecting its application performance. The second is that networks should be able to defend against attacks by malware and other bad actors.

Advocates of dumb networks counter the first argument by pointing out that prioritizing network traffic is very expensive, both in monetary and network performance terms; also, advocates consider this a bandwidth problem and not a network protocol issue. The security argument is that malware is an end-to-end problem and thus should be dealt with at the endpoints, and that attempting to adapt the network to counter attacks is both cumbersome, inefficient.

The dumb network (and the end to end principle) was conceived of as an antithesis to the idea of a centralized intelligent computer network in which all applications were under central network control. A synthesis is taking place in the concept application aware networks or as they are sometimes called context aware networks. These networks allow intelligent devices to set up end to end applications as in the dumb network. However they are aware of application needs and in the social and enterprise context in which the applications are being used. Thus the network can make decisions on resource allocation conflicts in light of the collective needs of all users and the purposes (social and enterprise) that guide them.

Intellectual property organizations encompass international intergovernmental organizations that involve cooperation in the area of copyrights, trademarks and patents, and non-governmental, non-profit organizations, lobbying organizations, think tanks, as well as professional associations.

General organisations

• World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)
• African Regional Intellectual Property Organization (ARIPO)
• Organisation Africaine de la Propriété Intellectuelle (OAPI) or African Intellectual Property Organization

Specialized organisations

Patent offices

Patent-related organisations

• European Patent Organisation (EPO or EPOrg)
• Eurasian Patent Organization (EAPO)
• Patent Office of the Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf (GCC)

Trademark- and design-related organisations

• Office for Harmonization in the Internal Market (OHIM)
• Benelux Office for Intellectual Property (BOIP)

Think tanks, institutes, non-profit and professional organizations

• AHRC Research Centre for Studies in Intellectual Property and Technology Law (SCRIPT)
• Alliance for American Innovation (AAIUSA)
• American Intellectual Property Law Association (AIPLA)
• Arab Society for Intellectual Property (ASIP)

• Centre for International Industrial Property Studies (CEIPI)
• Center for Intellectual Property Studies (CIP)
• Center for Patent Policy (CPP)
• Chartered Institute of Patent Attorneys (CIPA)

• European Federation of Industrial Property Agents in Industry (FEMIPI)
• European Intellectual Property Institutes Network (EIPIN)
• European Patent Institute (epi)
• European Patent Lawyers Association (EPLAW)

• German Association for the Protection of Intellectual Property (GRUR e. V.)

• Institute of Patentees and Inventors
• Intellectual Property Institute (IP Institute)
• Intellectual Property Owners Association (IPO)
• International Association for the Advancement of Teaching and Research in Intellectual Property (ATRIP)
• International Association for the Protection of Industrial Property (AIPPI)
• International Federation of Intellectual Property Attorneys (FICPI)
• International Intellectual Property Alliance (IIPA)
• International Intellectual Property Institute (IIPI)
• International Trademark Association (INTA)
• InventorEd (InvEd)
• Inventors Network of the Capital Area (INCA)

• Japan Intellectual Property Association (JIPA)

• Licensing Executives Society International (LESI or LES Int.)

• Max Planck Institute for Intellectual Property, Competition and Tax Law
• Munich Intellectual Property Law Center (MIPLC)

• National Association of Patent Practitioners (NAPP)

• Patent Office Practioners Association (POPA)
• Patent Information Users Group (PIUG)
• Professional Inventors Alliance (PIAUSA)
• Public Patent Foundation (PUBPAT)

• Queen Mary Intellectual Property Research Institute

• The Intellectual Property Lawyers’ Organisation (TIPLO)
• Trade Marks, Patents and Designs Federation (TMPDF)

• UNION of European Practitioners in Intellectual Property (UNION or UEPIP)
• Universities Allied for Essential Medicines (UAEM)

Anti-patent organizations

• Patent Commons
• Pirate Party

Former organisations

• International Patent Institute (IIB)
• The United States Patent Association
• United International Bureaux for the Protection of Intellectual Property (BIRPI)

See also

• Intellectual property
• List of organizations
• Patent attorney
• Patent examiner

A patent office is a governmental or intergovernmental organization which controls the issue of patents.

List of patent offices

For a list of patent offices and their websites, please see this list maintained by WIPO.

The entries shown in italics are regional or international patent offices.

• African Regional Intellectual Property Organization (ARIPO)
• IP Australia (IPA)
• Canadian Intellectual Property Office (CIPO)
• Eurasian Patent Organization (EAPO)
• European Patent Office (EPO)
• German Patent Office (DPMA)
• Indian Patent Office
• Japan Patent Office (JPO)
• Netherlands Patent Office
• Organisation Africaine de la Propriété Intellectuelle (OAPI)
• UK Intellectual Property Office (UK-IPO)
• United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO)
• World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)
• State Intellectual Property Office of the People’s Republic of China (SIPO)

List of past patent offices or the like

• Confederate Patent Office
• Goskomizobretenie (Soviet patent office)
• International Patent Institute

See also

• Patent
• List of patent legal concepts
• List of people associated with patent law
• Intellectual property organisation

External links

• Directory of Intellectual Property Offices (incl. Patent Offices) on the WIPO web site

The 3500 is a 5-speed overdrive manual transmission manufactured by New Venture Gear. It is designed for longitudinal engine applications and can handle up to 285 ft·lbf (386 N·m) of torque.

General Motors used the 3500 as RPO MG5.

Gear ratios:

Applications:

• 2004–2005 Chevrolet Silverado 1500 and 2500
• 2004–2005 GMC Sierra 1500 and 2500
•  ????-2004 Jeep Liberty

See also

• List of NVG transmissions

On a synthesizer, note priority determines how the instrument’s polyphony will be divided among incoming notes when there are more notes being played than the synthesizer has voices. There are four kinds of note priorities that are commonly used: last note, first note, highest note, and lowest note.

With last note priority, notes are prioritized based on the order they are played in. When new notes are triggered while all voices are playing, the synthesizer frees up polyphony by ending the notes played least recently. This is the default mode on most synthesizers.

With first note priority, earlier notes are not cut off to make room for later ones, and once maximum polyphony has been reached, the person playing the instrument must stop playing one or more notes in order to trigger new ones.

In highest note priority, new notes that are higher in pitch than ones being already played replace currently playing notes from the lowest on up.

Lowest note priority works in the same way, but cutting notes from the highest down.

The Cruelty to Animals Act 1835 was an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom (citation 5 & 6 Will. 4, c. 59), which was intended to protect animals from mistreatment.

The British legal action to protect animals began with the passing of the Cruel Treatment of Cattle Act 1822 to Prevent Cruel and Improper Treatment of Cattle. The Rights of Persons, According to the Text of Blackstone: Incorporating the Alterations Down to the Present Time, Sir William Blackstone and James Stewart, 1839, p.79The 1835 Act amended the existing legislation to include (as ‘cattle’) bulls, dogs, bears and sheep, to prohibit bear-baiting and cockfighting, which facilitated further legislation to protect animals, create shelters, veterinary hospitals and more humane transportation and slaughter. It did not extend protection to wild animals.

The law was passed in part due to lobbying by the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (found in 1824).

The Act was repealed and replaced by the Cruelty to Animals Act 1849 12 & 13 Vict. c. 92.

References

• Animal Experimentation: A Guide to the Issues Vaughan Monamy, Cambridge University Press

External links

• “Rational Recreation” and the Law: The Transformation of Popular Urban Leisure in Victorian England by Rachel Vorspan

The term of a patent is the maximum period during which it can be maintained into force. It is usually expressed in number of years either starting from the filing date of the patent application or from the date of grant of the patent. In most patent laws, renewal annuities or maintenance fees have to be regularly paid in order to keep the patent in force. Otherwise the patent lapses before its term.

The term of a patent or specific “claims” in a patent may also be curtailed by judgment of a court, as where a claim or patent is held “invalid” under the relevant law, and thus no longer enforceable.

Significant international harmonization of patent term across national laws was provided in the 1990s by the implementation of the WTO’s Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs Agreement). Article 33 of the TRIPs Agreement
provides that the

“The term of protection available [for patents] shall not end before the expiration of a period of twenty years counted from the filing date.”

Consequently, in most patent laws nowadays, the term of patent is 20 years from the filing date of the application. This however does not forbid the states party to the WTO from providing, in their national law, other type of patent-like rights with shorter terms. Utility models are an example of such rights. Their term is usually 6 or 10 years.

In the United States, under current patent law, for patents filed on or after June 8, 1995, the term of the patent is 20 years from the earliest claimed filing date. For patents filed prior to June 8, 1995, the term of patent is either 20 years from the earliest claimed filing date or 17 years from the issue date, whichever is longer. Extensions may also be had for various administrative delays. (See: Term of patent in the United States). The exact date of termination may be zealously litigated, especially where daily profits from a patent amount to millions of dollars, e.g., pharmaceuticals.

Other types of patents may have varying terms. For example, in the U.S., design patents (based on a decorative, non-functional design) typically have a 14-year term.

The term of patent protection may also be affected by specific multi-lateral, international agreements. Protection of patents issued in European Union countries were only enforced for three years (until 1995) against pharmaceuticals manufactured in Spain (and cheaply available). Prior to its Treaty of Accession, Spain did not offer patent protection for pharmaceutical products.

Term extensions

If the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) delays the issuance of a patent, it is possible to receive extensions. This may result in patents being issued for periods longer than 20 years. The reasons for extensions include:

• Delayed response to an application request for patent.
• Exceeding 3 years to consider a patent application.
• Delays due to a secrecy order or appeal.

It is possible to receive time extensions equal to the amount of delay.

References

• USPTO - Patent Term
• USPTO - Adjustment of patent term.
• How long is a patent good for

See also

• Maintenance fee
• Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property, provides what is called the “priority year”
• Provisional patent application
• Submarine patent
• Supplementary protection certificate (SPC), provides a limited time extension to the protection conferred by certain patents in the European Union

Charles G. Hutchinson invented and patented the Hutchinson Patent Stopper in 1879 as a replacement for cork bottle stoppers which were commonly being used as stoppers on soda water or pop bottles. His invention employed a wire spring attached to a rubber seal. Production of these stoppers was discontinued in 1912.

External links

• Patent number 213992
• HBDHistoryAndPop

(It may be better to search by using 00213992).

The site contains some instructions which specify that the search term must consist of seven numbers, i. e., 0213992.

In the APG II system for the classification of the angiosperms the name rosids refers to a clade, meaning a monophyletic group of plants. This clade is one of the two main groups in the eudicots, the other being the asterids.

The clade includes, roughly speaking, those species that in the Cronquist system were referred to the Hamamelididae and Rosidae and quite a few from the Dilleniidae. The name “rosids” (plural, not necessarily capitalized) is presumably inspired by the botanical name, but in itself is intended to be the name of a clade rather than a formal ranked name, in the sense of the ICBN.

It comprises (starting with basal groups):

• clade rosids

  family Aphloiaceae

  family Geissolomataceae

  family Ixerbaceae

  family Picramniaceae

  family Strassburgeriaceae

  family Vitaceae

  order Crossosomatales

  order Geraniales

  order Myrtales

  clade eurosids I

  family Zygophyllaceae [+ family Krameriaceae]

  family Huaceae

  order Celastrales

  order Malpighiales

  order Oxalidales

  order Fabales

  order Rosales

  order Cucurbitales

  order Fagales

  clade eurosids II

  family Tapisciaceae

  order Brassicales

  order Malvales

  order Sapindales

Note : “ + ….” = optional, as a seggregate of the preceding

Chronic toxicity is a property of a substance that has toxic effects on a living organism, when that organism is exposed to the substance continuously or repeatedly. Compared with acute toxicity.

Two distinct situations need to be considered: Shout out to Marpol.

• Prolonged exposure to a substance

For example if a person drinks too much alcohol on a regular basis then their health may suffer as a result. The alcohol does not have a long biological halflife but it is supplied on a regular basis to the body of the person.

• Prolonged internal exposure due to the fact that a substance remains in the body for a long time

For example if a person were to ingest radium much of it would be absorbed into the bones where it would exert a harmful effect on a person’s health. The radium might cause a disturbance in the blood cell-forming part of the bone (bone marrow)

Paranuclear countries are those that have the ability to have nuclear weapons within months. The more common term for this is “nuclear capable” — the nation chooses not to develop nuclear weapons, but has the infrastructure to do so in a short period of time. Germany and Japan are usually considered paranuclear.

For a list of nuclear capable countries, see the section devoted to this on the List of countries with nuclear weapons.

In fencing, the riposte (French for retort) is an offensive action with the intent of hitting one’s opponent, made by the fencer who has just parried an attack.

Explanation

In sabre and foil, the priority switches when the parry is successfully executed; the defending fencer now has right of way and may immediately attack with a riposte. The riposte may be direct, or may include compound footwork. If the riposte is delayed, the original attacker’s remise gains priority.

When one sets up a second intention attack, the reactions of one’s opponent must be predicted. A fencer may execute an attack expecting to be parried, preparing to counter-parry and counter-riposte.

In everyday language, a riposte describes a quick and witty reply to an argument or an insult. It is synonymous with a retort or report.

See Also

Touche

League for Programming Freedom (LPF) was founded in 1989 by Richard Stallman to unite free software developers as well as developers of proprietary software to fight against software patents and the extension of the scope of copyright. Their logo is the Statue of Liberty holding a floppy disk and tape spool.

The single event that had the most influence on the creation of the League was Apple’s lawsuits against Microsoft about supposed copyrights violations of the look and feel of the Macintosh as copied in Microsoft Windows. After the lawsuit ended, the League went dormant to be resurrected when software patents enforcement and threats became increasingly troublesome.

The League with co-ordination of other organizations successfully blocked a software patents bill from being passed in India.

External links

• Official website
• LPF history page

pnetC is the Portable.NET C library. The goal of the project is to create an ANSI-compatible C library (based on GNU C Library - glibc), that can be compiled to IL using Portable.NET’s “cscc” compiler. The C compiler can be used to develop standard C applications and/or applications using the .NET API.

The C compiler and library has been included with Portable.NET since version 0.4.4 and over time has matured enough to become a viable alternative to C# for writing Microsoft .NET applications. Although it’s not yet feature complete, it does include a minimal standard C library and POSIX threads library, making it possible to develop complex applications. The C compiler generates pure CIL bytecode (with no dependencies upon external native libraries) and the ABI adapts itself to the particulars of the runtime engine that executes the program.

External links

• Project homepage

The Deutsches Patent- und Markenamt (DPMA) or German Patent and Trade Mark Office (GPTO) is the German national patent office, with headquarters at Munich.

See also

• Bundespatentgericht
• European Patent Office
• Gebrauchsmuster
• Ralf Sieckmann v Deutsches Patent und Markenamt
• German Association for the Protection of Intellectual Property (GRUR e. V.)

External links

• Official page
  
  • DPMA annual reports (German: Jahresberichte)

This article is about a hand lever used in various vehicles, for other uses of the term, see Johnson bar (disambiguation).

A Johnson bar is a hand lever with several distinct positions and a positive clutch to hold the lever in the selected position. The positive clutch is typically activated with a spring-loaded squeeze handle on the lever so that only one hand is needed to release the clutch, move the lever, then reengage the clutch.

Many steam locomotives have valvetrain controls which are set using a Johnson bar as referenced in Fred Eaglesmith’s Back There: Hey Porter, tell that engineer, tell him this train’s too slow. Tell him to let go that Johnson bar. I got places I got to go.

Many trucks and buses use a hand brake which is controlled with a Johnson bar. These are sometimes called “Johnson bar brakes”.

Truck drivers used to call lever controls on air-operated trailer brakes “Johnson bars”.

On Caterpillar Tractors the forward / reverse lever is also called a Johnson bar.

Some light general aviation aircraft use Johnson bars to actuate flaps and wheel brakes; a small number of older aircraft also have landing gear actuated by Johnson bars.

See also

• Cutoff

This is an alphabetical list of Asian countries and dependencies.

Notes

Other lists

Asian countries

• List of Asian countries by GDP:
  • by GDP per capita
  • by GDP PPP

Other countries by continent

• Africa
• Europe
• North America
• Oceania
• South America

Gubernatorial and legislative elections were held in the Northern Mariana Islands on 5 November 2005.

Gubernatorial election results

Legislative election results

Referendum question results

In the 4 general questions, all 3 justices on the Supreme Court of the Northern Mariana Islands were retained and a Constitutional convention (The 3rd under the current constitution) will be called.

External links

• Election results from the Saipan Tribune

‘Platinum silicide (’) is a semiconductor material used in infrared detectors. It is used in detectors for infrared astronomy.

Platinum silicide is capable of operating at 1-5 µm wavelength range. It has a good sensitivity (up to 0.05 °C) and high stability. Its manufacturing process is relatively simple, with good yields, resulting in reasonable cost.

Platinum silicide is made by ion implantation of platinum into silicon surface, forming a Schottky diode structure. Due to silicon-based technology, large detector devices with low noise and good quality are available, and the manufacturing is relatively simple. However their quantum efficiency is abysmally low (typically under 1%), and therefore platinum silicide devices are currently used only rarely, being displaced by better materials.

Platinum silicide devices offer high uniformity of the imaging arrays, avoiding the need of on-line image corrections, and simplifying the device construction. They are in use in some thermal imaging applications, particularly for measurement, as PtSi is very stable and has low drift of parameters with time. The low cost and high stability makes it a suitable material for imaging devices for preventive maintenance and scientific IR imaging.

A well-formed platinum silicide layer is opaque to infrared light, and the barrier height of the resulting Schottky diodes should be 0.84 ± 0.3 V.

HgCdTe and indium antimonide are materials with similar uses.

External links

• http://snf.stanford.edu/Materials/ChemFiles/PtSi.html

Public Patent Foundation, or PUBPAT, is a nonprofit organization that seeks to limit perceived abuse of the United States patent system. It was founded in 2003 by Dan Ravicher. As of 2004, there was growing concern by many technology professionals over the number of patents granted that are either too trivial to deserve protection, or duplicate existing or expired patents. It usually works by requesting the United States Patent Office to review patents that are suspected of being invalid somehow or another, usually by prior art.

The Board of Directors is as follows:

• Daniel Ravicher
• Eben Moglen
• Brian Kahin
• Arti K. Rai

Actions

• U.S. Congress Invites PUBPAT Executive to Testify About Patent Reform

Significant cases

• Pfizer Lipitor Patent (see Atorvastatin)
• Microsoft FAT patent (see File Allocation Table)
• Columbia Cotransformation Patent (see Richard Axel)
• Forgent Networks JPEG Related Patent (see Forgent Networks)

See also

• Intellectual property organization
• List of software patents
• Software patents and free software

External links

• Public Patent Foundation.